Attention all humans! I am Pancho, a distinguished Pekingese, and I turned five on March 13th, 2025. My dad used to be my personal paparazzi, flooding my Instagram feed with my puppy charm. Now? He’s slacking! I demand more photos! To see my adorable baby pictures, visit my Instagram: PanchoFanClub! Help me remind Dad that my fans are waiting! Join the Pancho fan club on Instagram: PanchoFanClub – and maybe we can collectively guilt-trip Dad into posting more.
1. Introduction
The Pekingese, a breed steeped in history and characterized by its distinctive appearance and dignified bearing, holds a unique place in the world of dogs. Originating in the ancient courts of China, this small yet surprisingly substantial canine was once revered as a sacred symbol, exclusively residing within the walls of the Imperial Palace. Its journey from the heart of the Forbidden City to the homes of enthusiasts across the globe is a captivating narrative, marked by pivotal historical events and the enduring appeal of a truly remarkable breed 1. This report aims to explore the rich history of the Pekingese, detail the circumstances surrounding its introduction to Western nations, and examine its current status as both a beloved companion and a celebrated contender in the show ring.
2. Ancient Lineage and Royal Favor in China
The history of the Pekingese in China stretches back centuries, with evidence suggesting the presence of short-muzzled dogs in the region as early as 200 BC 27. The breed’s development into its modern form likely occurred during the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD), a period when these small canines gained significant favor within the Imperial court 3. Unlike other small dogs in China, ownership of the Pekingese was an exclusive privilege reserved solely for members of the Chinese Imperial Palace 7. Within the opulent confines of the Forbidden City, these dogs were more than mere pets; they were symbols of the imperial family’s wealth, status, and nobility 2.
The reverence for the Pekingese extended beyond the palace walls. Commoners were expected to show deference to these imperial canines, with some accounts suggesting they were required to bow in their presence 3. The value placed on these dogs was so immense that the theft of a Pekingese was punishable by death, highlighting their sacred status and the strict measures taken to protect them 3.
Legends and myths further enhanced the mystique surrounding the Pekingese. One popular tale describes a love affair between a lion and a marmoset. Unable to overcome their size difference, the lion is said to have sought the intervention of Buddha, who, in some versions of the story, shrunk the lion while preserving its noble heart. The Pekingese is believed to be the result of this union, inheriting the lion’s courageous spirit and distinctive appearance 4. This legendary origin contributes to the breed’s nickname, “Lion Dog,” a moniker that also reflects its resemblance to the Chinese guardian lions, or Fu Dogs 2. In Chinese culture and Buddhist symbolism, lions represent bravery and protection, qualities that were highly valued and intentionally bred into the Pekingese 10.
Adding to their mystique were the “sleeve dogs,” exceptionally small Pekingese bred to be carried by royalty within the voluminous sleeves of their robes 2. These diminutive canines, sometimes weighing as little as 4-5 pounds, were particularly prized by the imperial household 13. The Imperial court maintained meticulous breeding programs to cultivate these and other desirable traits in the Pekingese, with the finest dogs often recorded in Imperial dog books, which served as early forms of breed pedigrees 14.
3. The Imperial Dogs Reach the West
The isolation of the Pekingese within the Imperial Palace came to an end in 1860 during the Second Opium War, when British and French forces invaded Beijing and ransacked the Old Summer Palace (Yuanmingyuan) 2. As the emperor fled, instructions were reportedly given to destroy the palace dogs to prevent them from falling into enemy hands, yet a few survived the chaos 5.
It was amidst this turmoil that British Captain John Hart Dunne of the 99th Regiment discovered a small Pekingese dog 2. He is said to have carried the dog back to England, where it reportedly slept in his forage cap during the voyage 38. In 1861, Captain Dunne presented this dog to Queen Victoria, who named her Looty, a direct reference to the circumstances of her acquisition 2. Looty is widely believed to be one of the first, if not the very first, Pekingese dog to reach England 10.
Other accounts detail further acquisitions of Pekingese during the sacking of the palace. Lord John Hay reportedly obtained a pair, later named Schloff and Hytien, which he gifted to his sister, the Duchess of Wellington 6. Another pair was said to have been taken by Sir George Fitzroy and given to his cousins 7. These events marked a pivotal moment, signifying the initial introduction of the Pekingese breed to the Western world 1. The story of Looty, in particular, and the circumstances of her acquisition as a spoil of war, highlight the complex interplay between cultural exchange and the realities of British imperialism during this period 10. The very name given to the dog by Queen Victoria serves as a stark reminder of her controversial origins 10.
4. Growing Popularity in Western Nations
Queen Victoria’s acceptance of Looty into her Royal Collection of Dogs sparked considerable interest among the British aristocracy 2. By the turn of the 20th century, the Pekingese had become fashionable in Western countries, finding favor with prominent figures. Alexandra of Denmark, the wife of King Edward VII, and Elsie de Wolfe, a popular American interior decorator, were among the early adopters of the breed 7. The Empress Dowager Cixi herself contributed to the breed’s spread by presenting Pekingese as gifts to several Americans, including Alice Lee Roosevelt Longworth, daughter of President Theodore Roosevelt, and the financier J.P. Morgan 7.
The establishment of breed-specific clubs in both Britain and America played a pivotal role in the breed’s formal recognition and increasing popularity. The Pekingese Club was founded in England in 1904, followed by the Pekingese Club of America in 1909 3. These clubs were instrumental in developing and maintaining breed standards, organizing dog shows, and promoting the Pekingese to a wider audience. The first Pekingese was exhibited in England in 1904 6. The breed’s introduction to Queen Victoria’s court had far-reaching consequences, contributing to the rise of dog breeding and ownership as a popular pursuit among the middle classes, who sought their own versions of these once exclusively royal companions 3. While its popularity has seen some decline in recent years, the Pekingese remains a cherished breed in the UK, appreciated for its distinctive character and unwavering loyalty 17.
5. Physical Attributes and Breed Standards
The Pekingese is a small, well-balanced dog that possesses a surprising heft for its size, with a body that is characteristically heavier in the front than the rear, giving it a compact and sturdy appearance 4. A defining feature of the breed is its “lion-like” mane, a profuse growth of long, straight hair forming a cape around the neck and shoulders, which contributes significantly to its regal silhouette 3. The breed is also known for its distinctive rolling gait, an unhurried and dignified walk where the body gently sways from side to side 3. This unique movement may have been intentionally developed through selective breeding in ancient times to prevent the court dogs from wandering too far 7.
The head of the Pekingese is relatively large in proportion to its body, featuring a broad and flat skull with a short, wide, and well-cushioned muzzle 2. Its eyes are large, round, dark, and possess a lustrous quality 2. The nose is short, broad, and black, with large and open nostrils 24. The Pekingese boasts a long, straight, and somewhat coarse outer coat, complemented by a thick and softer undercoat 2. Feathering, consisting of longer fringes of hair, is evident on the ears, the backs of the legs, the tail, and the toes 2. A wide array of coat colors and markings are permissible according to breed standards, with the exception of albino, liver, or merle. Common colors include various shades of fawn, black, gray, red, and cream 2.
The standard height for a Pekingese at the withers is generally between 6 and 9 inches (15-23 cm), and the breed typically weighs up to 14 pounds (6 kg) 2. Notably, the American Kennel Club (AKC) standard specifies a disqualification for any Pekingese weighing over 14 pounds 7. Historically, a smooth-coated variety known as “Happa Dogs” existed alongside the rough-coated Pekingese in 19th-century China 7. Breed standards have undergone evolution over time, with a particular focus in recent years on ensuring that the muzzle is sufficiently evident to mitigate health concerns associated with the breed’s brachycephalic (short-faced) structure 23.
6. Temperament and Personality Through the Ages
The Pekingese is generally characterized by a dignified and regal temperament, often exhibiting independence, courage, and loyalty 2. While affectionate with their families, they can sometimes appear aloof, particularly towards strangers 2. The breed is intelligent but can also be quite stubborn, which can sometimes make training a challenge 2. Despite their independent nature, Pekingese form strong bonds with their owners and are known to be fiercely loyal and protective, making them excellent watchdogs 2. They are also well-suited as lap dogs and have moderate exercise requirements, often content with short walks and indoor play 2.
The breed’s history as a cherished companion within the Imperial Palace likely played a significant role in shaping its temperament, contributing to its independent and sometimes demanding nature 3. Even though they are small in stature, Pekingese possess a surprisingly strong and fearless character, historically even serving as miniature guard dogs concealed in the sleeves of royalty 4. This contradicts the common perception of toy breeds as delicate and underscores the breed’s inherent boldness. The author Rumer Godden, who owned Pekingese, famously noted that they were “not dogs but something more,” highlighting their unique and perhaps somewhat imperious nature 7.
7. The Pekingese in the Modern World
In the modern era, the Pekingese continues to be a recognized breed worldwide, although its popularity has seen some shifts. In the United States, according to the American Kennel Club (AKC), the Pekingese has ranked between 91st and 96th out of approximately 200 breeds in recent years 15. While not among the most popular breeds, it maintains a dedicated following. In the United Kingdom, the Pekingese remains a cherished breed, although its perceived desirability has reportedly declined compared to some other small breeds 17. The breed also has a presence in Australia, where it has enjoyed considerable popularity since its introduction in the early 20th century 6. In Canada, the Pekingese is recognized by the Canadian Kennel Club and is considered a common breed 7. Internationally, the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) classifies the Pekingese in Group 9, which includes companion and toy dogs 21. While not on the verge of extinction, the Pekingese is generally considered less common than many other dog breeds, possibly due to its specific care requirements and health considerations 73.
8. Triumphs in the Show Ring
The Pekingese has a distinguished history in the world of dog shows, achieving notable success at the highest levels of competition. The breed has secured Best in Show at the prestigious Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show five times. These victories include Ch. Chik T’Sun of Caversham in 1960 20, Ch. St. Aubrey Dragonora of Elsdon in 1982 39, Ch. Wendessa Crown Prince in 1990 39, GCh. Palacegarden Malachy in 2012 39, and most recently, GCH CH Pequest Wasabi in 2021 4.
Wasabi also achieved significant recognition at the AKC National Championship, winning Best in Show in 2019 4 and earning Reserve Best in Show in 2020 92. More recently, a Pekingese named “Digger” (Sunquest Hidden Treasure) won the AKC National All-Breed Puppy & Junior Stakes in 2024 94. In 2023, Rummie the Pekingese won Reserve Best in Show at Westminster 60. These triumphs in highly competitive national events underscore the breed’s inherent quality and the dedication of breeders to upholding and refining the Pekingese breed standard.
9. Health Considerations and Care
While the Pekingese is generally considered a relatively healthy breed with a typical lifespan of 12-14 years 2, its unique physical characteristics can predispose it to certain health issues. Due to their brachycephalic (flat-faced) structure, Pekingese are prone to brachycephalic airway syndrome (BOAS), which can cause breathing difficulties, snoring, and intolerance to heat and exercise 4. Their prominent eyes can also lead to various eye problems, including dry eye, corneal ulcers, and progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) 4. The breed’s long back and short legs can make them susceptible to back problems such as intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) 68. Other potential health concerns include patellar luxation, dental disease, and heart problems like mitral valve disease 71.
Caring for a Pekingese requires attention to several key areas. Their long, double coat necessitates regular grooming, ideally daily brushing, to prevent matting and tangles 2. The folds around their face and eyes also need to be cleaned regularly to prevent skin infections and irritation 6. Due to their thick coat and brachycephalic nature, Pekingese are particularly sensitive to heat and should be kept in cool environments, especially during warmer months 4.
10. Pekingese Breed Clubs and Preservation Efforts
Several breed clubs are dedicated to the Pekingese, playing a vital role in promoting responsible breeding practices, educating enthusiasts, and preserving the breed’s standards and history. The Pekingese Club of America (PCA) is a prominent organization in the United States that aims to advance and protect the interests of the breed through education, research, and events 3. Similarly, The Pekingese Club in the United Kingdom, along with other regional clubs such as the Red Rose Pekingese Club and the Sovereign Pekingese Association, work to support the breed in the UK 25. These clubs organize specialty shows, provide valuable resources for owners and breeders, and in some cases, support health research initiatives aimed at better understanding and mitigating health issues within the breed 25.
11. Conclusion
From its revered origins as a sacred palace dog in ancient China to its current status as a cherished companion and celebrated show dog in the Western world, the Pekingese boasts a rich and captivating history. Its journey across continents, marked by the dramatic events of the Second Opium War, led to the discovery and appreciation of this unique breed by a global audience. Characterized by its regal appearance, independent spirit, and unwavering loyalty, the Pekingese has left an indelible mark on the canine world. Despite facing certain health considerations associated with its distinctive features, the breed continues to thrive, thanks to the dedication of enthusiasts, breeders, and breed clubs committed to its preservation. The Pekingese stands as a testament to the enduring appeal of a breed with a truly imperial legacy.
Table 1: Pekingese Breed Standards Comparison
| Characteristic | American Kennel Club (AKC) Standard | The Kennel Club (UK) Standard | Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) Standard |
| Weight | Up to 14 pounds (over 14 lbs is a disqualification) 52 | Ideal weight not exceeding 11 lbs (dogs) and 12 lbs (bitches) 23 | Maximum weight 11.9 lbs (dogs) and 12.9 lbs (bitches) 37 |
| Height | 6-9 inches 53 | Not specified | Approximately 7.9 – 9.8 inches 37 |
| Head Shape | Massive, broad, and flat topskull, wider than deep 52 | Fairly large, proportionately wider than deep, skull moderately broad and flat between ears 23 | Relatively big head, in proportion wider than deep 54 |
| Muzzle Length | Flat face, short muzzle 52 | Muzzle must be evident, may be relatively short and wide 23 | Muzzle may be relatively short and broad 54 |
| Coat Type | Long, thick, coarse outer coat with a dense undercoat 52 | Moderately long, straight, coarse topcoat with thick, softer undercoat 23 | Thick, long, straight hair in all colours, quite hard 21 |
| Permissible Colors | All colors and markings are allowable and of equal merit 52 | All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit, except albino, liver or merle 23 | All colours 37 |
| Gait | Unhurried, dignified, free and strong, with a slight roll over the shoulders 52 | Typically slow, dignified, rolling gait in front 23 | Rolling movement 54 |
Table 2: Pekingese Best in Show Wins at Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show
| Year | Dog’s Name | Owner(s) |
| 1960 | Ch. Chik T’Sun of Caversham | Mr. & Mrs. C. C. Venable 84 |
| 1982 | Ch. St. Aubrey Dragonora of Elsdon | Miss Florence Michelson 83 |
| 1990 | Ch. Wendessa Crown Prince | Mr. & Mrs. William H. Chisholm 83 |
| 2012 | GCh. Palacegarden Malachy | Iris Love & Sandra Middlebrook & David Fitzpatrick 83 |
| 2021 | GCH CH Pequest Wasabi | Iris Love, Sandra Middlebrook, Peggy Steinman & David Fitzpatrick 83 |
Table 3: AKC Pekingese Popularity Ranking (Recent Years)
| Year | AKC Ranking (out of total breeds) |
| 2023 | 91 of 202 53 |
| 2022 | 96 of 199 78 |
| 2021 | 91 of 197 15 |
| 2019 | 90 of 193 90 |
| 2017 | 80 53 |
| 2015 | 77 53 |
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